![]() ![]() ^ Dalley, Stephanie (29 November 2007).^ Section 12 of the translation of Weilue - a 3rd-century Chinese text by John Hill under "carnelian" and note 12.12 (17).Michael Hogan, Knossos fieldnotes, Modern Antiquarian (2007) ^ Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004).Webster's New World College Dictionary (4th ed.). ^ Rudolf Duda and Lubos Rejl: Minerals of the World (Arch Css, 1990).jagged)Īll of these properties vary across a continuum, so the boundary between carnelian and sard is inherently blurry. Like carnelian, but duller and more hackly (having the appearance of something that has been hacked, i.e. Lighter, with shades ranging from orange to reddish brownĭarker, with shades ranging from a deep reddish brown to almost black The general differences are as follows: Comparison of carnelian and sard The names carnelian and sard are often used interchangeably, but they can also be used to describe distinct subvarieties. So this type of use analogy may have been more widespread.ĭistinction between carnelian and sard Sarx in Greek means "flesh", and other stones have similar naming, such as the onyx stone in sardonyx, which came from Greek for "claw" or "fingernail" because onyx with flesh-colored and white bands can resemble a fingernail. According to Pliny the Elder, sard derived its name from the city of Sardis in Lydia from which it came, and according to others, may ultimately be related to the Persian word سرد sered, meaning yellowish red. The Oxford English Dictionary calls "carnelian" a perversion of "cornelian," by subsequent analogy with the Latin word caro, carnis, flesh. Cornelian, cognate with similar words in several Romance languages, comes from the Mediaeval Latin corneolus, itself derived from the Latin word cornum, the cornel cherry, whose translucent red fruits resemble the stone. Etymology Īlthough now the more common term, "carnelian" is a 16th-century corruption of the 14th-century word "cornelian" (and its associated orthographies corneline and cornalyn). An 8th century BC carnelian seal from the collection of the Ashmolean Museum shows Ishtar-Gula with her dog facing the spade of Marduk and his red dragon. She is shown with the spade of Marduk (his symbol), Sibbiti (seven) gods, the stylus of Nabu and a worshiper. ![]() She is holding a ring of royal authority and is seated on a throne. There is a Neo-Assyrian seal made of carnelian in the Western Asiatic Seals collection of the British Museum that shows Ishtar- Gula as a star goddess. Carnelian intaglio with a Ptolemaic queen, Hellenistic artwork, Cabinet des Médailles In Revelation 4:3, the One seated on the heavenly throne seen in the vision of John the apostle is said to "look like jasper and 'σαρδίῳ' (sardius transliterated)." And likewise it is in Revelation 21:20 as one of the precious stones in the foundations of the wall of the heavenly city. The Hebrew odem (also translated as sardius), the first stone in the High Priest's breastplate, was a red stone, probably sard but perhaps red jasper. Sard was used for Assyrian cylinder seals, Egyptian and Phoenician scarabs, and early Greek and Etruscan gems. Carnelian was used widely during Roman times to make engraved gems for signet or seal rings for imprinting a seal with wax on correspondence or other important documents. Ĭarnelian was recovered from Bronze Age Minoan layers at Knossos on Crete in a form that demonstrated its use in decorative arts this use dates to approximately 1800 BC. The bow drill was used to drill holes into carnelian in Mehrgarh in the 4th-5th millennium BC. The first faceted (with constant 16+16=32 facets on each side of the bead) carnelian beads are described from the Varna Chalcolithic necropolis (middle of the 5th millennium BC). The red variety of chalcedony has been known to be used as beads since the Early Neolithic in Bulgaria. History Polish signet ring in light-orange carnelian intaglio showing Korwin coat of arms It has been found in Indonesia, Brazil, India, Russia ( Siberia), and Germany. Significant localities include Yanacodo ( Peru) Ratnapura ( Sri Lanka) and Thailand. The color can vary greatly, ranging from pale orange to an intense almost-black coloration. Both carnelian and sard are varieties of the silica mineral chalcedony colored by impurities of iron oxide. Similar to carnelian is sard, which is generally harder and darker the difference is not rigidly defined, and the two names are often used interchangeably. For other uses, see Sard (disambiguation).Ĭarnelian (also spelled cornelian) is a brownish-red mineral commonly used as a semiprecious stone. ![]()
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